DID DR. GALLO AND HIS COLLEAGUES MANIPULATE THE "AIDS-TEST" TO ORDER?
"The hunt for the virus"
1 has degenerated into "clean torture with fatal result" 2
By Heinrich Kremer
Continuum Summer 1998
Who, for given reasons given below casts doubt
on the theory that "HIV causes AIDS", is often confronted with the question,
if it did not, how is it that a patient who has been diagnosed as "HIV
positive" by the test sooner or later goes on to develop AIDS? To which
the AIDS sceptic usually replies that a "HIV-positive" laboratory result,
an arbitrary defined characteristic is part of the clinical diagnosis "AIDS".
This exchange does not advance the argument
very much as to whether "AIDS" and "HIV" are scientifically-speaking biological
entities and if between them a biological cause-effect relationship is
possible. In other words, if either the term "AIDS" or the term "HIV",
or neither, represents conceptually independent entities but rather purely
semantic constructs, then biologically there can be no cause-and-effect
relationship between these two terms, i.e. between the postulated pathogen
"HIV" and the supposed definable disease entity "AIDS".
The causative factor, the "retrovirus HTLV-III"
(later termed "HIV") was introduced by Robert Gallo in 1984 (then a retrovirologist
in the Tumour Biology Laboratory in the National Cancer Institute at Bethesda).
On May 4, 1984 together with collaborators from his own laboratory and
other research centres and hospitals as well as workers at the pharmaceutical
company Litton Bionetics, he published four basic papers in Science
(3-6). These supposedly described the identification, isolation and continuous
production of a newly discovered type of retrovirus (since 1987 called
"HIV") as well as the serological analysis of this "HIV" and of tests "capable
of detecting antibodies to HIV" in the sera of "patients with AIDS or pre-AIDS".
The simultaneous publication of these four papers by Gallo et al was shortly
preceded by a patent application for "HIV antibody tests" and by Reagan’s
US Health Secretary’s announcement at a press conference attended by Robert
Gallo himself before the world’s media that Robert Gallo and his team had
"discovered the probable cause of AIDS".
The first Science paper of May 4, 1984
begins with the fundamental assumption: "epidemiological data suggest that
the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by an infectious
agent that is horizontally transmitted by intimate contact or blood products"
(3). The word ‘probably’ employed by the US minister only a few days before
was no longer mentioned by Gallo et al.
The fourth and last Science paper of that
date ends with the conclusion: "The data presented here and in the accompanying
reports suggest that HTLV-III is the primary cause of AIDS" (6). (HTLV-III
= HIV). Gallo et al's conclusion proves that they did not postulate a direct
cause-and-effect relationship between "HIV" and "AIDS", declaring "HIV"
to be only the primary cause of "AIDS": "Although the disease is
manifested by opportunistic infections, predominantly Pneumocystis Carinii
Pneumonia, and by Kaposi's Sarcoma, the underlying disorder affects the
patient’s cell-mediated immunity, resulting in absolute lymphopenia and
reduced subpopulation of helper T lymphocytes (OKT4+)" (3). Gallo et al
by no means, therefore, postulated that "HIV" was the direct cause
of "AIDS", rather, they only claimed "HIV" is the cause of "AID" (AID =
Acquired Immuno Deficiency = reduced sub-population of T-helper lymphocytes).
The syndrome "S" ("manifested by opportunistic infections (OI), mainly
Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (= PCP), and Kaposi's Sarcoma (= KS)") was
presented by Gallo et al like commonplace as the necessary consequence
of "AID".
The scheme of Gallo et al is as follows:
1. "HIV" causes "AID" as a consequence of
the infection and sooner or later the destruction of T-helper lymphocytes.
2. As a consequence of the decrease of cellular
immunity, the control of opportunistic pathogens and cancer cells by T-helper
lymphocytes breaks down as a result of which, syndrome "S" develops.
The short version of Gallo et al’s plague
formula is "HIV = AID = S".
The two part causal chain "HIV causes AIDS"
actually turns out to consist of three parts, and Gallo et al’s claim that
"HTLV-III" (= "HIV") is the primary cause of "AIDS" (6) is a fusion of
two hypothetical causal assertions, and a fictitious end-effect assertion.
This is because Gallo et al's published data say nothing about whether
"AID" really does cause "S"; they can at most suggest a cause-and-effect
relationship between "HIV" and "AID". Whether "S" can be the result of
"AID" is for several reasons highly doubtful. "S" is somewhat chameleon-like
due to numerous re-definitions undergone, so that the existence of "S"
as a "separate disease entity" (4), in the sense of a biological disease
entity, can no longer be rationally made out. Individual, defined diseases,
which initially made up part of the syndrome were years later expressly
removed again. In the end a wild collection of 29 old infections and non-infectious
diseases has been collected together to constitute the syndrome "S", of
which several are part of "S" even if the "HIV" status is negative or indeterminate
(7).
The latter means that "AID" cannot be the
cause of "S" because "AID" is supposed to be the result of "HIV", in order
that Gallo et al’s plague formula "HIV = AID = S" as a causal chain is
upheld, yet "AID" due to different reasons can exist independently of "HIV".
Nothing is given whereby "AID" must be the cause of "S". "AID" and "S"
could, instead, have a common cause which need have no causal relationship
with a hypothetical "retrovirus HIV".
The pretence of a pseudo-biological cause-and-effect
relationship expressed by the plague formula "HIV = AID = S" has made a
leading AIDS critic, who has presented the most comprehensive clinical
analysis of the AIDS phenomenon, say "AIDS, in short, has become a schizophrenic
disease" (8).
How then, can a semantic construct of a collection
of mostly contradictory diseases be the result of a supposed biological
causal chain, which itself in turn is made up of hypothetical constructs
as cause-and-effect factors? Because the premises and conclusions (3,6)
which underlie Gallo et al’s plague formula can be falsified convincingly.
Gallo et al have claimed that "epidemiological
data prove that an infectious agent (3) is the cause of "AID", and "AID"
is the cause of "S"." Essentially, Gallo et al arrived at this conclusion
from the findings of the CDC that "S" ("OI, mainly PCP, and KS") is significantly
connected with very frequent promiscuity and predominantly receptive anal
intercourse in homosexual men in the metropolitan areas in the US (3).
However, this conclusion only demonstrates the arbitrary and selective
interpretation of the clinical data by the CDC and Gallo et al.
Highly promiscuous and predominantly receptive
(unprotected) anal intercourse are specifically indicators simultaneously
for infectious and non-infectious causal factors for "S" ("OI, mainly PCP,
and KS") as well as "AID" (decline in T-helper lymphocytes in blood serum).
The conclusion of a new infectious pathogen and simultaneous exclusion
of all non-infectious causal factors is by no means compelling, although
it determines to this day the theory that "HIV causes AIDS".
Highly promiscuous behaviour and predominant
receptive anal intercourse closely correlate with consumption of sexual
stimulants, above all amyl and isobutyl nitrites. 95% of homosexual men
in the US report regular use of nitrite (9,10). Nitrite inhalation relaxes
the smooth anal muscles, raises blood flow to the penis, raises pain threshold,
heightens orgasm and unleashes a mild state of intoxication in the brain.
Nitrite use predominantly but not exclusively became known in homosexual
sex partners, and has been approaching ubiquitous in surveyed homosexual
men in Western countries since the mid-70s (11,13).
High frequency promiscuity and predominantly
receptive anal intercourse very often entails concomitant increased multi-infectivity
and provocation of administrating antimicrobials, chemotherapy, antibiotics,
antiparasitica, antimycotica, virusstatica and corticosteroids (14). The
first report by the CDC in June 1981 of five diseased homosexual men being
treated for PCP contains some clinical information of their medical history
and medication, because at the time, the all-encompassing description AIDS,
masking the real symptoms, had not yet become entrenched: The five homosexual
patients had not had sexual relations between themselves. All of the five
patients used nitrites, and all five had been treated with TMP/SMX (TMP
= trimethoprim, SMX = sulfamethoxazole) (15).
The substance TMP/SMX, also known as bactrim
and septrin were introduced in the early 70s as a double chemotherapeutical
folic acid inhibitor. Nitrite and SMX (a sulphonamide derivative) are strongly
electrophilic oxidising agents. Both oxidise ferrous iron in haemoglobin
to ferric, and thereby reduce oxygen-binding capacity of red blood cells.
This causes methaemoglobulinaemia (16,20), a progressively life-threatening
deficiency in oxygen supply into the respiration chain of the mitochondria.
The latter are former bacteria, which, as multifunctional organelles, supply
energy to the whole cell in form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) produced
in oxidative phosphorylation (21). Oxygen-dependent ATP synthesis and its
resulting oxygen metabolites control the cell division cycle. If too little
oxygen is transported to the respiratory chain, the ratio of oxidative
ATP production in the respiration chain (normally about 90%) may become
inverted in favour of the non-oxidative ATP production (normally about
10%). Latest experimental findings suggest that the redox balance controls
the genetic expression of proteins for the enzymes of the non-oxidative
ATP production (glycolysis) (22).
Under normal physiological conditions, there
is a rhythm of phase-linked change between oxidative energy production
in the mitochondria and the change to non-oxidative glycolysis during the
late stage of cell division (the S-phase of mitosis). If, through lack
of oxygen under conditions of methaemoglobulinaemia, the genetic expression
of glycolytic enzymes is not sufficiently inhibited (23), the cell may,
despite intact mitochondria, and the presence of residual molecular oxygen,
switch to permanent non-oxidative glycolysis and cationic load reversal.
This results in unrestrained cell division, which may ultimately lead to
transformation to a tumour cell.
Along the oxygen transport route in the bloodstream,
conditions in the most minute capillaries with a diameter below 100 nanometres,
because of altered partial pressure of oxygen, are particularly favourable
for the oxidation of the red haemoglobin, which can only bind oxygen when
being in reduced form. Through diffusion and association to essential fatty
acids through transit routes of the basic-tissues it can deliver oxygen
to individual cells. The mechanism of unrestrained activation of cell division
(hyperplasia) in methaemoglobulinaemia, may, therefore, following hypoxaemic
stress, above all in the smallest capillaries, affect the cells of the
walls, – the endothelial cells. These endothelial cells are in direct contact
with the hypoxaemic red blood cells. If hyperplastic conversion of endothelial
cells occurs, that is called Kaposi's Sarcoma. On the other hand, especially
in rapidly dividing cells such as in thymus-matured precursor cells of
T-helper lymphocytes, ATP production can decline to a critical value, if
oxygen turnover is reduced permanently even by a small amount. This is
a control mechanism, which in turn may affect the rate of mitosis. This
interaction of haemoglobin oxidation by nitrites and antimicrobial drugs
with oxidative phosphorylation may, in a situation of increased simultaneous
consumption of T-helper lymphocytes as a result of slowing maturation of
T-helper lymphocytes, be in part a cause of "AID".
This chain of causal events is also
supported by the "frightening possibility" (24) that nitrites may turn
most classes of antibiotics into carcinogens (25). Excessive antibiotic
consumption (whether prescribed or not; in a study 40% of male homosexuals
admitted preventive use (26)) in conjunction with nitrites is a frequently
encountered pattern of behaviour among male homosexuals especially in the
large urban areas in Western countries (27).
Hypoxaemic stress can, therefore, explain
the contradiction of simultaneous appearance of malignant hyperplasias
(KS, lymphomas) and opportunistic infections, mainly PCP, in homosexual
men (approx. 2/3 of "AIDS cases" in Western countries, excluding covered
homosexual "AIDS patients" estimated by orthodox "AIDS"-doctors to amount
to 50% of so-called heterosexual risk groups (28)), without ever introducing
a hypothetical "retroviral" cause to explain the pathophysiology.
In contrast to this clear finding, Gallo et
al tried to resolve the clinical contradiction between OI and KS by constructing
a new "retrovirus HIV". Gallo et al’s so-called retroviruses "HTLV-I" and
"HTLV-II" are said to cause rare forms of leukaemia, i.e. cancers of the
white blood cells, whereas "HTLV-III" (="HIV") is said to kill T-helper
lymphocytes.
This concept has completely failed. The cytopathic
effects of "HIV" demonstrated by Gallo et al have turned out to be laboratory
artefacts (29). Gallo et al’s claim that "HIV" kills T-helper lymphocytes
could, despite changing the theories, not be confirmed (30-33).
The disease theory "HIV causes AIDS" is itself
based on several serious clinical misconceptions:
1. The agent causing PCP is not as Gallo
claimed a protozoon. The aetiology according to which after the destruction
of T-helper lymphocytes by "HIV-infection", Carinii pneumocytes, the cause
of PCP, could escape control by T-helper lymphocytes and multiply unrestrictedly,
is objectively wrong. Such protozoa simply do not exist (34,35). What is
involved are micro-fungi that are inhaled in the air, and which, for example,
in the case of increased cell decay following hypoxaemic metabolic changes
(including "AIDS" without "HIV"), find fertile terrain in the alveoli of
the lungs. In this way, a harmless fungus (saprophyte) becomes the dangerous
cause of PCP.
2. Contrary to what Gallo et al claimed, T-helper
lymphocytes do not suppress the growth of cancer cells, because cancer
cells do not have antigens through which T-helper lymphocytes could identify
them (36). This means that the hypothetical destruction of T-helper lymphocytes
by "HIV" and the ensuing disappearance of the suppression of KS cells cannot
be the cause of KS. The predicted increase of all other types of carcinoma
in "AIDS patients" resulting from the disappearance of the surveillance
of cancer cells after the postulated destruction of T-helper lymphocytes
by "HIV-infection" did not occur (37).
3. Contrary to the assumption of the CDC and
Gallo, the hypothetical "HIV infection" of T-helper lymphocytes despite
the postulated essentially alarm function of T-helper lymphocytes also
for antibody production by B-plasma cells did not result in destroying
defence capacity against all microbes. Unlike patients with
impaired immune functions, E.G. intensive care patients in whom mortality
following typical bacterial infections is up to 80%, strikingly in the
"immune deficiency syndrome AIDS", bacterial infections are rarely seen.
The CDC under the category "AIDS indicator diseases" states explicitly
for "bacterial infections, frequent or repeated": "not applicable as indicator
of AIDS in adults/adolescents" (37).
4. A fundamental pillar of the disease theory
of Gallo et al according to which "HIV causes AIDS", is severely dented
by the actual epidemiological situation over the 15 years 1982-1997. For
example, in 1997 the German "AIDS Centre" registered 2736 KS cases in total
with 2505 KS cases in the category "homosexuals". The remaining KS cases
were in "heterosexual risk groups" or "no information on risk group". On
average, therefore, there were 15 KS cases a year, which were not primarily
classified as "homosexual". Because homosexual intravenous drug users are
classified as intravenous drug users and at least 50% of the patients classified
as "heterosexual men" and "not known" were subsequently reclassified as
homosexuals (28,38), this is of the order of magnitude to be expected for
KS cases classified as "non-homosexual men". Corresponding epidemiological
data for the prevalence of KS are available for other Western countries
(39).
Gallo et al’s formulation "HIV = AID = S"
is not, therefore, found to be true. "AID" (measurable decline in lymphocyte
population in the blood, especially T-helper lymphocytes) though it can
occur, in all members of "high-risk groups", is evidently not the cause
of "S" ("OI, mainly PCP, and KS") because "S" can, first, occur without
"AID" (29), and secondly, the combination of "S" (with KS) should, if the
theory were correct, not exclusively be limited to homosexual patients.
If, therefore, "S" is not necessarily the result of "AID", what then is
the common pathogenic indicator of "AID" patients as defined by Gallo et
al to be "high-risk groups" (4)?
The common factor of "AID" patients (without
necessarily resulting in "S") is obviously the unusually high uptake of
strongly oxidising substances (mitogens), and the huge variety of exogenous
extraneous cells such as red blood cells, activated lymphocytes or sperm
cells from individuals (allogenic stimulation (29,40)). It is beyond doubt
that this oxidative stress (i.e. pro-oxidative vs. anti-oxidative metabolism)
of "high-risk groups", can overload the detoxification capacity and waste
disposal capacity of the body which is furthermore supported by the finding
that asymptomatic "HIV positives" belonging to "high-risk groups" show
a strong shift from reduced to oxidised glutathione (41).
The glutathione system is essential for the
removal of oxygen free-radicals, especially in the mitochondria (42,43).
The oxidation of the central molecule of glutathione, cysteine, to cystine,
in a chain reaction reduces the build up of glutathione and accelerates
the destruction. It follows that the systemic decline of glutathione concentration
in HIV positives can be due to both reasons, because of decreased synthesis
and increased disposal.
"The oxidative stress to which AIDS patients
are subjected would lead to cellular anomalies in many cells, including
lymphocytes, resulting in opportunistic infection, immunological abnormalities
and neoplasia" (44).
Does this finding of the overload of redox
potentials in members of "high-risk groups" mean that "HIV", too, or rather
the "anti-HIV antibodies" are the result of oxidative bombardment on the
cell-mediated immunity of the "high-risk groups"?
A specific load value of the diminution of
the reduction force in the body of members of "high-risk groups" is hepatitis
type B, in particular, in the chronically active form (45).
Gallo et al postulated in the first paragraph
of the first publications in Science of May 4 1984 (except for the first
rebutted premise: "Epidemiological data suggest that the acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS) is caused by an infectious agent" and the second (rebutted)
premise: "AID" necessarily leads to "S"), a third premise: "Although patients
with AIDS or pre-AIDS are often chronically infected with cytomegalo virus
or hepatitis B virus, for various reasons these appear to be opportunistic
or coincidental infections" (3).
This claim stands the clinical history completely
on its head. "High-risk groups", in Gallo’s definition "homosexual men
with multiple sex partners, intravenous drug missusers, haemophiliacs,
blood transfusion recipients and close heterosexual contacts of members
of these high-risk groups" (6) were long before the so-called ‘sudden’
arrival of "HIV" (1978), recognised to be the most severely hepatitis-B
affected groups of patients (46-50).
Hepatitis inducers (nowadays thought to be
hepatitis-B, hepatitis-C) "appear to be thousands of times as infectious
in clinical settings as HIV and represents a much more prevalent medical
problem" (51). Hepatitis-B due to various patho-physiological reasons,
especially in the chronically active form contributes significantly to
oxidative stress, by restricting waste disposal and detoxification, and
overloading of redox potentials. The body tries to compensate for this
by increasing cortisol production. When this ultimately fails, hypercorticolism
persists in a damaging way. A hypercatabolic metabolism results from this
(i.e. excess cell decay vs. build up) (52). Cortisol as "synergiser" for
a number of hormones and mediators effects activation of cyclic adenosine
monophosphate (cAMP) and a displacement of the cAMP/cGMP ratio as principal
indicator for increased cell turnover (53). The net effect is a dampening
of cellular immunity and activation of humoral immunity. Resulting from
the increased cell turnover, the decreased disposal of cell debris (because
of the dampened cellular immunity, "AID") and the strengthened autoimmune
activity, a significantly increased formation of autoantibodies occurs
which above all specifically bind to cytoskeletal proteins and extra-cellular
proteins of the cell matrix as antigens (54, 33).
Concluding, it is fair to assume that Gallo
et al took these attributes (25) of "high-risk groups" into consideration,
namely,
1. the excessive oxidative (mitogenic) stress
2. allogenic stimulation by foreign cell
components
3. the sharply increased antigen auto-antibody
load together with suppression of T-cell dependent immunity brought about
by synergistic effects of persistent corticolism with resulting change
in cAMP/cGMP ratio.
In their original paper ("Detection, isolation
and continuos production .." (3)), Gallo et al were only able to cite indirect
phenomena, such as reverse transcription, ultra-thin layer electron micrographs,
banding of protein mixtures at given densities, which according to the
established rules of virology are not acceptable as evidence for the existence
of a virus or less a "retrovirus", because these indirect phenomena can
also be obtained in the absence of any viral entity under certain cell
culture conditions (55-60,33).
Then the question becomes increasingly pressing:
how did Gallo et al manage to produce a protein mixture in cell cultures
and in the test tube, which as the substrate in the "AIDS-test" when in
contact with serum of people in "high-risk groups", resulted in a given
rate of antigen antibody-reaction for single proteins (6)?
Gallo's papers, though written in highly technical
language do not reveal this secret of test-constructing. Only in 1987 when
the disease theory "HIV causes AIDS" led to the introduction of a highly
toxic DNA chain terminator (azidothymidine = AZT = Retrovir), was some
light shed on this matter when two of Gallo’s former collaborators and
co-authors of the original publications in Science of May 4 1984
(3-6) revealed the essential details. Mangalasseril Sarngadharan and Phillip
Markham (collaborators of Litton Bionetics, Kensington MD, USA) published
the biochemical methods used by Gallo et al whereby they manipulated the
protein mixture, which due to self-defined conventions are said to be "HIV
antigens" (59).
To start with, Gallo et al biochemically prepared
cell components obtained from members of "high-risk groups" according to
the self-defined rules of "retrovirus production". This procedure only
"from time to time" and only transiently (61) led to the production of
unspecific phenomena as surrogates for the existence of a new "retrovirus".
Then they mixed lymphocytes from patients in "high-risk groups" with exceptionally
rapidly dividing leukaemia cells (3,4). This cell mixture was then subjected
to the effects of certain biochemical substances. They go on to say that
"in vitro stimulation was achieved by mitogens or added cells (allogenic
antigens ) ... Certain manipulation of culture conditions improved the
result, for example, co-cultivation of patients’ cells with peripheral
white blood cells, which were stimulated by mitogens, from non-infected
donors.
The "virus isolation" of cultured cells was
also significantly facilitated by adding hydrocortisone to the culture
medium" (61).
Knowing the specific antigen auto-antibody
status of "high-risk groups" patients, it is possible, therefore, to trigger,
on demand, an antigen mixture appropriate to the auto-antibody repertoire
in serum from high-risk patients, in cell cultures of human lymphocytes,
co-cultured with leukaemic cells when subjected to specific biochemical
manipulation.
The apparent proof that in the antigen mixture
one is dealing with "retroviral" proteins, brought about by the demonstration
of a naturally occurring repair mechanism - reverse transcriptases, produced
particularly copiously in cancer cell cultures to repair DNA and renew
chromosome ends, hence co-cultivation with leukaemic cells in Gallo et
al cell culture (3,4), as well as proof of exocytotic virus-like particles
(frequently occurring transport particles to expel intra-cellular components
from mitogenically stimulated cells) as proof of "isolation and continuous
production" of supposed retroviruses is misinterpretation (33).
That Gallo et al’s sensational discovery of
a "new retrovirus" was in fact a laboratory artefact is made explicit by
Gallo et al's expressly stating that "HTLV-I" (isolated from T-cells in
10% of "AIDS patients") and "HTLV-II" from the "family of retroviruses"
in "AIDS patients", were also discovered and demonstrated (3,4). Later
on, there was no further mention of "HTLV-I" and "HTLV-II" being "isolated
from T-cells of AIDS patients". Nor were there noticeable occurrences of
leukaemia in "AIDS patients". The "isolation" of "HTLV-I" and "HTLV-II"
was a laboratory artefact due to the rules of "retrovirus-production" of
Gallo et al. By analogy this finding accounts for "HTLV-III" (= "HIV")
as well.
In effect, therefore, Gallo et al were adapting
conditions which they knew to be conducive to antigen formation in the
body of "high-risk patients", to laboratory conditions. The difference
is that in cell culture as opposed to the body of "high-risk patients",
no antibodies are present because the B-plasma cells are absent. Then it
is possible, at a certain arbitrarily fixed auto-antibody level, to demonstrate
an antigen-antibody reaction when the antigen mixture of the cell culture
is brought in contact with sera of "high-risk patients". This is exactly
the principle employed in "anti-HIV-antibody tests". In mirror image fashion,
the artificially produced antigens bind to the auto-antibodies, whose presence
was to be expected because of the well-known pathophysiological overload
of "high-risk patients".
In describing the recipes of Gallo et al’s,
who covered their laboratory-tricks behind the dust screen of patents,
the irrational reduction of "AID" to the effect of a seemingly new infectious
cause (3) and the ignoring of the clinical effect of chronic hepatitis
(3) becomes apparent: as a claim used to create pressure to introduce the
patented "antibody test system" of a "new retrovirus" found in the National
Institute of Cancer.
The laboratory finding of "HIV positive" which
may be diagnosed in those belonging to "high-risk groups" depending on
the quantity and personal reaction pattern of antibodies, may also be made
in rare cases in those not belonging to "high-risk groups" for a number
of extremely diverse reasons.
Gallo et al's expectations regarding the dynamics
of the spread of "HIV" have, contrary to the horrendous predictions, not
been fulfilled in the real biological world. In Germany, for example, according
to official figures for the 15 years 1982-97, out of a population of 82
million, 60.000 have been notified as HIV positive, i.e. more than 99.9%
of the population are personally not affected by "HIV" and "AIDS". The
official government forecasts, until now uncontradicted, spoke of there
being more "AIDS cases" by 1996 than there were inhabitants. At least every
other person was supposed to have died by 1996, unless a vaccine or drug
against the "absolutely" fatal plague had become available (60). In the
former East Germany, there have been a grand total of 252 cases in a population
of 16 million, and that despite massive migrations (since the fall of the
wall) up to the end of 1996. Over the past decade in the whole of Germany
there has been a very constant 2-3.000 number of people diagnosed annually
as HIV positive. 95 % of these have been classified as belonging to the
"high-risk groups" of "homosexual men" and "IV-drug user" (homosexual IV-drug
users are counted as ordinary IV-drug users). 5% of "HIV positives" are
considered to be false positives, but cannot be identified as such by the
test.
At most 2000 "HIV positives" develop AIDS
annually, and 1300 patients die annually of "AIDS" (actual cause of death
is not revealed). Of the supposed 60.000 HIV positives (figures are very
unreliable because of unknown multiple reporting), 50.000 are still officially
alive today. 54% of all "AIDS patients" gave their addresses to be one
of the six largest cities, in which 10% of the general population also
live. Opposed to that in 90% of the remaining inhabitants only 44% of the
notified "AIDS cases" occur.
For example the disease rate and death rate
of "HIV-positive" haemopholiacs registered in these six cities is twice
as high as in "HIV-positive" haemophiliacs living outside of those cities.
In these cities (Berlin, Hamburg, Köln, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt
and München) the university clinical "AIDS-treatment centres" are
located which report the highest "AIDS"-disease- and death-rates to the
national AIDS-centre. As the positions of collaborators the "AIDS-ambulances"
and "AIDS-stations" of these university clinics mostly are paid by the
pharmaceutical companies, the connection between Medicine and market ("AIDS-test",
"AIDS"-medications") becomes all too obvious. Very intriguing is the comparison
between the "capitalist" West-Berlin and the former "socialist" East-Berlin.
In the period of 15 years from 1.1.1982 to
the 1.1.1997 in West-Berlin (2,2 million inhabitants, which make less then
3% of Germany’s population) 3083 "AIDS-cases" have been registered which
are 20% of all German "AIDS-cases". In the same period (including 7 years
of unification with West-Berlin after the fall of the Berlin wall 1989)
in East-Berlin (1,3 million inhabitants = 1,6% of the German population)
only 152 "AIDS-cases" are registered, which make 1% of all German "AIDS-cases".
This very intriguing, by chance historical and model-like data (38) proofs
wrong the premise of Gallo et al. that "epidemiologic data suggest that
the acquired immunedeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by an infectious
agent". The disease rate when brought in connection with the whole population
is obviously a very rare medical event, not dependent on a ubiquitous transmittable
mass-virus, but determined by life-style in a largely commercialised subculture
and/or by uncritical medical intervention in Western society of super-abundance.
Or pathophysiologically spoken: "AIDS-patients"
come down due to a lack of power of reduction (caused by superoxidation
and /or hypoxaemia) in the midst of a redundant medical over-supply.
To argue against Gallo et al. refers to Africa,
which is uncritically presented by mass-media as the "dying AIDS-continent".
Too, in this context the world of facts seemingly is overwhelmed by a virtual,
only imagined world of information.
In Africa south of the Sahara, the annual
increase in population was about 100 million inhabitants over the last
decade, even though the latest report on the world population states, that
according to a lot of population experts "in the third world the plague
supported the birth-planing more than any earlier programs" (63). Due to
the lacking medical infrastructure and low budgets in the health care system
(in most states south of Sahara the average annual spending per head of
the population for providing health care is 6 US$, a single complete "AIDS-test"
- 2x ELISA-test, 1x Westernblot - costs much more than 6 US$) the "AIDS-test"
is not widely used. Instead of this the World Health Organisation (WHO)
transfers certain amounts of money to the health authorities of the various
countries for "AIDS-education" in order to get estimated incidental rates
of "HIV-infection" and "AIDS-cases" which are not verified by the WHO.
WHO-experts use these estimates in calculations
based on the supposed "dynamic of distribution" of the "HIV-plaque" and
present the resulting numbers to the world media as "HIV-infection" and
"AIDS-disease" in Africa. Usually, in the subsequent media reports the
speculative "HIV-infections" and "AIDS-diseases" are lump-summed and wrongly
reported as "AIDS-cases" in Africa. This is the way the manipulated numbers
of more than 20 million "AIDS-cases" in Africa (app. 90% of the world-wide
reported "AIDS-cases") came into existence without any substantial base
of knowledge (64).
The fictious loom scene of a "people murdering
AIDS-plaque" in the "global media village" acted again enhancing on the
selling of "AIDS-tests" and "Anti-HIV-medications" (euphemicly termed "cocktail-therapy")
in western countries, in a way that "poor Africa" unwillingly was misused
to increase sales in the "rich West".
The data on the clinical, immunological, virological
and epidemiological progress since 1984 show beyond any doubt that the
disease-theory "HIV causes AIDS" has no concurrence with the biological
reality. As a marketing strategy Gallo’s manipulated "AIDS-test" has been
extremely successful. But this at the cost of the health and life of uncounted
children, women and men who, from a medical ethic point of view became
victim to "clean torture with case of death" induced by the arbitrary medical
death-sentence of a "HIV-positive" result. Medical ethical behaviour "according
to best wisdom and conscience" must signify to make, out of your own, the
effort to inform yourself on the basis of existing data about possible
manipulations in diagnostic and therapy and to use the given alternative
therapies instead of inducing fear blind with rage (33). *
Address of the author:
Dr. med Heinrich Kremer
Metzendorfer Weg 36
D 21224 Rosengarten (b. Hamburg)
References:
1 Gallo RC. Virus hunting: AIDS, Cancer and
the Human Retrovirus. A Story of Scientific Discovery. New York: Basic
Books, 1991.
2 Project AIDS International. Hearing in
front of the Commission on Human Rights of the United Nations, Geneva,
1993.
3 Popovic M, Sarngadharan MG, Read E, Gallo
RC: Detection, isolation and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses
(HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and Pre-AIDS. Science 1984;224:497-500.
4 Gallo RC, Salahuddin SZ, Popovic M et al.
Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III)
from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS. Science 1984;224:500-502.
5 Schüpbach J, Popovic M, M. Gilden
RV, Gonda MA, Sarngadharan MG, Gallo RC. Serological analysis of a subgroup
of human T-lymphotropic retrovirus (HTLV-III) Science 1984;224:503-505.
6 Sarngadharan MG, Popovic M, Bruch L, Schüpbach
J, Gallo RQ. Antibodies reactive with T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV-III)
in the serum ot patients with AIDS. Science 1984:224:506-508.
7 Centers of Disease Control. Revision of
the CDC surveillance case definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
MMWR 1987:36 (Suppl. 1S): 3S-15S.
8 RootBernstein RS. Rethinking AIDS. New
York: Free press, 1993.
9 Jaffe HW, Choi K, Thomas PA. National case-control
study of Kaposi's sarkoma and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in homosexual
men. Part 1; Epidemiologic results. Ann Int Med 1983:99:145-151.
10 Nerukar LS, Biggar RJ, Goedert JJ et al.
Antiviral antibodies sexual men: Correlation with their life-style and
drug usage in the sera of homosexual men. Med Virol 1987:21:123-135.
11 Health hazards of nitrite inhalants. Eds.:
HW Haverkos, JA Dougherty. NIDA research monograph 83 Rockville MD: National
Insitute on Drug Abuse, 1988.
12 Lauritsen J, Wilson H. Death rush: Poppers
and AIDS. New York: Pagan Press, 1986.
13 The AIDS cult. Essays on the gay health
crisis. Eds.: J Lauritsen, J. Young. Provincetown MA: Asklepios, 1993,
220-223.
14 Root-Bernstein RS. Rethinking AIDS. New
York: Free press, 1993, 227-232
15 Pneumocystis Pneumonia - Los Angeles.
MMWR 1981:30:250-252.
16 Maickel RP. The fate and toxicity of Butyl
nitrites. In: Health hazards of nitrite inhalants. (Eds. HW Haverkos, JA
Dougherty). NIDA Research Monograph 83. Rockville MD; National Institute
on Drug Abuse, 1988:15-27.
17 Wood RW. The acute toxicity of nitrite
inhalants . In: Health hazards of nitrite inhalants. (Eds.: HW Haverkos,
JA Dougherty). NIDA Research Monograph 83. Rockville MD: National Insitute
on Drug Abuse, 1988:28-38.
18 Horne MK, Waterman MR, Simon LM, Garriott
JO, Foerster EH. Methemoglobinemia from sniffing butyl nitrite. Ann Int
Med 1979;91:417-418.
19 Dixon DS, Reich RE, Santinga PA. Fatal
methemoglobinemia resulting from ingestion of isobutyl nitrite, a room
odorizer widely used for recreational purposes, J Forensic Sci 1981;26:587-593.
20 Pschyrembel W. Klinisches Wörterbuch.
256 Aufl. Berlin, de Gruyter, 1990:1056.
21 Tyler D. The mitochondrion in health and
disease. New York: VCH Publ., 1992.
22 Brand K. Aerobic glycolysis by proliterating
cells: Protection against oxidative stress at the expense of energy yield.
J Bioenerg Biomembr 1997;29:355-363.
23 Droward A, Sweet S, Moorehead R, Singh
G. Mitochondiral contributions to cancer cell physiology: Redox balance,
cell cycle and drug resistance. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1997;29:385-391.
24 Root-Bernstein RS. Rethinking AIDS. New
York: Free press, 1993:229-230.
25 Brambilla G. Genotoxic effects of drug-nitrite
interaction products: Evidence for the need of risk assessment. Pharmacol
Res Commun 1985;17(A):307-321.
26 Pifer LWW, Wang YF, Ahokas R, Woods DR,
Joyner RE. Borderline immunodeficiency in male homosexuals: Is lifestyle
contributory? South Med J 1987;80: 687-697.
27 Callen M. Surviving AIDS. New York: Harper
Collins, 1990.
28 Murphy JT, Mueller GE, Whitman St. Redefining
the growth of the heterosexual HIV/AIDS epidemic in Chicago. J AIDS Hum
Retrovirol 1997;16:122-126.
29 Papadopulos-Eleopulos E, Turner VF, Papadimitriou
JM, Causer D. A critical analysis of the HIV-T4-cell-AIDS-hypothesis. Genetica
1995;95(1 -3) :5-24.
30 Balter M. How does HIV overcome the body's
T-cell body guards? 11 th ColIoq. of the Cent-Gardes, Marnes-la-Coquette,
France 27-29 Oct., 1997. Science 1997; 278:1399-1400.
31 Rosenberg Y, Anderson AO, Pabst R. HIV-induced
decline in blood CD4/CD8 ratios; viral killing or altered lymphocyte trafficking?
Immunol today 1998;19;10-17.
32 Wolters KG, Schuitenmaker Hr Miedema F.
Rapid CD4 + T-cell turnover in HIV-1 infection: a paradigm revisited. Immunol
today 1998;19: 44-48.
33 Hässig A, Kremer H, Lanka St, Liang
WX, Stampfli K. 15 Years of AIDS. The continuous failure in the prevention
and treatment of AIDS is rooted in the misinterpretation of an inflammatory
autoimmune process as a lethal, viral, veneral disease. Continuum 1998,
5/3: 32-37. And: 15 Jahre AIDS. Eine kritische Stellungnahme zur Situaton,
Schweiz Zschr GanzheitsMed 1998;10/4: 208-216.
34 Stringer JP. The identity of Pneumocystis
carinii: Not a single protozoon but a diverse group of exotic fungi. Infect
Agents Dis 1993;2:109-117.
35 Wakefield AE, Fritscher CC, Malin AS,
Gwanzura L, Hugbes WT, Miller HH. Genetic diversity in human-derived pneumocystis
carinii isolates from four geographical locations shown by analysis of
mitochondrial ? RNA gene sequences.J Chem Miorobiol 1994;32:2959-2961.
36 Benjamin E, Leskovitz S. Immunology. New
York: Wiley-Liss, 1991.
37 HIV/AIDS surveillance report. CDC, Atlanta,
February 1993:16.
38 Hamouda 0, Niessing W, Voss L. AIDS/HIV
1996. Bericht zur epidemiologischen Situation in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
zum 31.12.1996. (Hrsg. Robert-Koch-Institut, AIDS Zentrum). RKI-Hefte 17/1997.
39 Papadopulos-Eleopulos E, Turner VF, Papadimitriou
JM. Kaposi's Sarkoma and HIV. Med Hypotheses 1992;39:22-29.
40 Root-Bernstein RS. Rethinking AIDS. New
York: Free press, 1993: 220-258.
41 Buhl R, Holroyd KJ, Mastrangeh R et al.
Systemic glutathione deficiency in symptom-free-HIV-seropositive individuals.
Lancet 1989; II:1 294-97.
42 Meister A, Anderson ME. Glutathione. Ann
Rev Biochem 1983;52:711 - 760.
43 Siliprandi N, Siliprandi D, Bindoli A
et al. Effect of oxidation of glutathione and membrane thiol groups on
mitochondrial functions. In: Functions of glutathione in liver and kidney.
(Eds.: H. Sies, A. Wendel.) Heidelberg: Springer, 1973:139-147
44 Papadopulos-Eleopulos E, Turner VF, Papadimitrou
JM. Oxidative stress, HIV and AIDS. Res Immunol 1992;143:145-148.
45 Hässig A, Kremer H, Liang WX, Stampfil
K. Parenteral übertragene Hepatitis-Viren und AIDS. Schweiz Zschr
GanzheitsMed 996;8(7/8): 325-330.
46 Schreeder MT, Thompson SE, Hadler SC et
al. Hepatitis B in homosexual men: Relevance of infection and factors related
to transmission. J Infect Dis 1982;146:7-15.
47 Louria DB, Heusle T, Rose J. The major
medical complications of heroin addiction. Ann Int Med 1967;67:1-22.
48 Tabor E. Review of the transmission of
hepatitis by clotting factor concentrates. Scand J Haematol 1983;33(Suppl.40):323-328.
49 Aach RD, Lander JJ, Sherman LA et al.
Transfusion-transmitted viruses: Interim analysis of hepatitis among transfused
and non transfused patients. In: Viral hepatitis. (Eds.: GN Vyas, SN Gohen,
R. Schmid) Philadelphia: Franklin, 1978.
50 Fricker HS, Segal 5. Narcotic addiction,
pregnancy and the newborn. Ann J Dis Child 1978;132:360-366.
51 Root-Bernstein RS. Rethinking AIDS. New
York: Free press,1993:48.
52 Hässig A, Kremer H, Liang WX, Stampfli
K. Hyperkatabole Krankheiten. Schweiz Zschr GanzheitsMed 1997;9:79-99.
53 Calvano SE Hormonal mediation of immune
dysfunction following thermal and traumatic injury. Adv Host Defence Mechanism
1986; 6: 111-141.
54 Hässig A, Kremer H, Lanka St, Liang
WX, Stampfli K. AIDS und Auto- Immunität. Schweiz Zschr GanzheitsMed
1997;9:219-221.
55 Papadopulos-Eleopulos E, Turner VF, Papadimitriou
JM. Is a positive Western Blot proof of HIV infection? BioTechnol 1993;1
1:696-702.
56 Papadopulos-Eleopulos E, Turner VF, Papadimitriou
JM. Has Gallo proved the role of HIV in AIDS? Emergency Med (Australia)
1993;5:71-74.
57 PapadopuIos E, Johnson C. Is HIV the cause
of AIDS? Interview. Continuum 1997;5:8-19.
58 Lanka S. Fehldiagnose AIDS. Wechselwirkungen
1994; 1 2:48-53.
59 Lanka S. HIV - Realität oder Artefakt?
Raum und Zeit 1995;77:17-27.
60 Lanka S. HIV - Reality or artefact? Continuum
1995;3/1:4-9.
61 Sarngadharan MG, Markham PD. The role
of human T-lymphotropic retroviruses in leukemia and AIDS. In: AIDS - acquired
immune deficiency syndrome - and other manifestations of HIV infection.
(Ed.: GP Wormser.) Park Ridge NJ: Noyes, 1987:197-198.
62 Westhoff J. Zwischen Hysterie und Abwiegelei.
Die ratlose Republik.Bild der Wissenschaft 1985; 1 2:88-90.
63 Weltbevölkerung. Knick in der Kurve.
Spiegel 1998; Nr.4: S.165.
64 WHO. Oral information on behalf of Dr.
Brown, WHO deputy chairman „Global AIDS Program„. Geneva, März 1993.