TABLE 5
Drug use by homosexuals with AIDS and at risk for AIDS (1)
|
|
50 AIDS, 120 at risk |
492 at risk |
182 AIDS |
5000 at risk |
215 AIDS* |
136 AIDS |
|
Manchester (8) 1996: 685 at risk |
| nitrite inhalants |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ethylchloride |
|
|
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| cocaine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| amphetamines |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| phenylcyclidine |
|
|
|
|
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| LSD |
|
|
|
|
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| metaqualone |
|
|
|
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| barbiturates |
|
|
|
|
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| marijuana |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
| heroin |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
| alcohol |
|
|
|
|
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| cigarettes |
|
|
|
|
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| AZT |
|
|
|
|||||
| drug free |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* See section 7. ** 6 month reported use |
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1) Jaffe, H. W., Choi, K., Thomas,
P. A., Haverkos, H. W., Auerbach, D. M., Guinan, M. E., Rogers, M. F.,
Spira, T. J., Darrow, W. W., Kramer, M. A., Friedman, S. M., Monroe, J.
M., Friedman-Kien, A. E., Laubenstein, L. J., Marmor, M., Safai, B., Dritz,
S. K., Crispi, S. J., Fannin, S. L., Orkwis, J. P., Kelter, A., Rushing,
W. R., Thacker, S. B. and Curran, J. W. (1983) National case-control study
of Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in homosexual
men: Part 1, Epidemiologic results. Ann. Intern. Med. 99: 145-151.
2) Darrow, W. W., Echenberg, D. F., Jaffe, H. W., O'Malley, P. M., Byers, R. H., Getchell, J. P. and Curran, J. W. (1987) Risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in homosexual men. Am. J. Publ. Health 77: 479-483. 3) Lifson, A. R., Darrow, W. W., Hessol, N. A., O'Malley, P. M., Barnhart, J. L., Jaffe, H. W. and Rutherford, G. W. (1990) Kaposi's sarcoma in a cohort of homosexual and bisexual men: epidemiology and analysis for cofactors. Am. J. Epidemiol. 131: 221-231. 4) Kaslow RA, Blackwelder WC, Ostrow DG, Yerg D, Palenicek J, Coulson AH, Valdiserri RO. No evidence for a role of alcohol or other psychoactive drugs in accelerating immunodeficiency in HIV-1-positive individuals. J Am Med Assoc 1989; 261: 3424-3429; Ostrow DG, Beltran ED, Joseph JG, DiFranceisco W, Wesch J, Chmiel JS. Recreational drugs and sexual behavior in the Chicago MACS/CCS cohort of homosexually active men. Journal of Substance Abuse 1993; 5: 311-325; Ostrow, D. G., Van Raden, M. J., Fox, R., Kingsley, L. A., Dudley, J., Kaslow, R. A. and the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) (1990) Recreational drug use and sexual behavior change in a cohort of homosexual men. AIDS 4: 759-765. 5) Ascher, M. S., Sheppard, H. W., Winkelstein Jr, W. and Vittinghoff, E. (1993) Does drug use cause AIDS? Nature (London) 362: 103-104. Ellison, B. J., Downey, A. B. and Duesberg, P. H. (1996) HIV as a surrogate marker for drug-use: a re-analysis of the San Francisco Men's Health Study. In: AIDS: virus- or drug induced?, pp. 97-104, Duesberg, P. H. (ed.) Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 6) Schechter, M. T., Craib, K. J. P., Gelmon, K. A., Montaner, J. S. G., Le, T. N. and O'Shaughnessy, M. V. (1993) HIV-1 and the aetiology of AIDS. Lancet 341: 658-659. Craddock, M. (1996) A critical appraisal of the Vancouver men's study; does it refute the drugs/AIDS hypothesis? In: AIDS: virus or drug-induced, pp. 105-110, Duesberg, P. H. (ed.) Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherland. 7) Veugelers PJ, Page KA, Tindall B, Schechter MT, Moss AR, Winkelstein WW, Cooper DA, Craib KJP, Charlebois E, Coutinho RA, Van Griensven GJP. Determinants of HIV disease progression among homsexual men registered in the tricontinental seroconverter study. American Journal of Epidemiology 1994; 140: 747-758. 8) Gibbons, J. (1996) Drugs & Us. Gay Times (London) September, p17-37. |
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